Object Oriented Programming 4th Edition

What is Object Oriented Programming ?

The Basics: Object Oriented Programming Concepts
If you are new to object-oriented programming languages, you will need to know a few basics before you can get started with code. The following Webopedia definitions will help you better understand object-oriented programming:
Abstraction: The process of picking out (abstracting) common features of objects and procedures.
Class: A category of objects. The class defines all the common properties of the different objects that belong to it.
Encapsulation: The process of combining elements to create a new entity. A procedure is a type of encapsulation because it combines a series of computer instructions.
Information hiding: The process of hiding details of an object or function. Information hiding is a powerful programming technique because it reduces complexity.
Inheritance: a feature that represents the "is a" relationship between different classes.

Interface:

 the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware.
Messaging: Message passing is a form of communication used in parallel programming and object-oriented programming.
Object: a self-contained entity that consists of both data and procedures to manipulate the data.

Polymorphism :

 A programming language's ability to process objects differently depending on their data type or class.
Procedure: a section of a program that performs a specific task.

Advantages of Object Oriented Programming

One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes object-oriented programs easier to modify.
OOPL - Object Oriented Programming Languages
An object-oriented programming language (OOPL) is a high-level programming language based on the object-oriented model. To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented programming language.  Many modern programming languages are object-oriented, however some older programming languages, such as Pascal, do offer object-oriented versions. Examples of object-oriented programming languages include Java, C++ and Smalltalk.
The First  OOPL
Simula, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, is considered to be the first object-oriented programming language. Despite being first, Smalltalk is considered to be the only true object-oriented programming environment and the one against which all others must be compared. It was first developed for educational use at Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the late 1960s and released in 1972.

Definition:

OOP is an object-oriented programming technique that combines data and instructions for processing that data into an object that can be used within the program. Object-oriented programming provides concepts that help modelling complicated systems of real world into manageable software solutions. 

Description: OOP concepts are: 

1) Objects: Objects are structures that contain both data and procedures. For example, a student is an object which has name and age, 

2) Class: A class is a template that explains the details of an object, 

3) Inheritance: Inheritance is a technique to re-use existing code again and again. Class that is inherited is called base class and a class which it inherits is called derived class, 

4) Polymorphism: Polymorphism means many, which is requesting the same operation to perform differently, 

5) Abstractions: It refers to displaying only essential features of the application and covering the details, 6) Encapsulation: It means wrapping the data and functions together into a class. 

Examples of object-oriented languages are Java, C++, PHP, C, Python etc. 

Key features of object-oriented programming are: 

· better programming designs 

· emphasis on security and access 

· reduction code duplication 

· real world application is modelled well 



Advantages of OOPs over procedure-oriented programming (POP): With the help of OOPs, it will be easier for developing and maintaining the software compared to POP. It will be difficult for the procedure-oriented programming language when the code grows along with the growth of the project size. Data hiding is enabled in the OOPs whereas the global data could be accessed anywhere using the procedure-oriented programming language. So this process is risky. Simulating the real world event effectively is easier with OOPs. Thus, the real-word problem can be solved using this method. The procedure-oriented programming language is less effective compared to OOPs

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